We are seeing an increasing number of repeat participants in the Earl Bakken Science Program, our mentoring initiative. This indicates that we are succeeding in our goal of providing an environment where youth can develop as self-directed learners over an extended period of time. Many children in our programs are returning with their parents and siblings for our popular Family Science Saturdays. On April 1, for instance, we received 440 visitors for our family day on "Science Magic." Our continuing efforts to link science with the arts and humanities resulted in an original opera, "The First Voyage of Science," produced in collaboration with a local school.

The Bakken collaborated with the Minneapolis Planetarium for the aurora exhibit, such partnerships are an increasingly important part of our work. Other recent partners in education projects include the Minneapolis Public School District, individual schools in our area, the Lyndale Neighborhood Association, and the Minnesota Humanities Commission.

We are very pleased with the large number of excellent applications received for our Visiting Research Fellowships, which enable scholars to travel to the Bakken to study our historical collections. The library is also receiving increased usage from middle and high school students. Hannah Moos and Martha Ross, from Washington Middle School, came here to do research for their multimedia history of open-heart surgery, which won fourth place in the National History Day finals.

These activities would not be possible without the generous and increasing support of the contributors noted above as well as the Friends of the Bakken. The Friends set a new record in 1999 with contributions totaling $28,000. All our supporters are recognized elsewhere in this issue.

New Opera Sets Sail

In March the Bakken launched a second science-related opera. Performing Arts Coordinator Cassandra Cutler spent five months working with staff and faculty at the Twin Cities Academy in St. Paul to help sixth- and seventh-graders create an original opera based on the voyage of the British ship Paramour. The expedition took place in 1699 and was led by English scientist Edmund Halley (of comet fame) for the purpose of studying the variation of the earth's magnetic field. In preparation, Cutler and TCA teacher Tim Portz attended a one-week summer training conference offered by the Metropolitan Opera Guild as part of the national "Creating Original Opera" program. The student opera, "The First Voyage of Science," debuted at their school for friends and family and was then performed as part of the March 11th Family Science Saturday at the Bakken.

Ruby Scher as Rio Judge and Jena Calvin as Captain Edmund Halley from the Lyndale Community School production of "The First Voyage of Science".

One of the most exciting aspects of this unique program is the emphasis on active student engagement, responsibility, and accountability. The students were challenged to form an opera company and then to create an original theater piece. Students applied for positions by auditioning, filling out applications, and submitting work samples, just like a professional opera company. The company, Twin Cities Academy Productions (TCAP), then researched their subject

with a magnetism field trip to the Bakken and reading selections from Halley's log. The TCAP spent nine weeks creating the opera: writing the script, composing the music, scrounging and building the set, lights, props, and costumes, and promoting the show. The TCA faculty and Bakken staff acted as supervisors and advisors: Cutler as stage director, Portz as technical director, TCA science teacher Mary Hanney as script editor, and TCA music teacher Mira Kehoe as musical director. After weathering a few storms (not unlike Halley himself!), the performance sailed onstage to the thunderous applause of standing-room-only audiences at the Bakken's Family Science Saturday.

For the 2000-01 school year the Bakken has made plans with Lyndale Community School in Minneapolis to produce an opera based on the scientific life and times of Benjamin Franklin. This year the Bakken is sending Cutler to a weeklong advanced training conference held at the Metropolitan Opera House in New York City. This advanced training will pave the way for the Bakken to develop more programs that integrate science with the arts in fun and interesting ways.

School Partners Program Begins

The Bakken has initiated a new program of collaborations with inner-city schools that offers unique opportunities for students, their teachers and families to participate in our Family Science Saturdays (FSS) and other education programs. Each collaboration involves integrating the theme of a particular FSS into the school curriculum, identifying and training student docents, and promoting the FSS as an event for the entire school community. (Family Science Saturdays are thematic public events designed to promote curiosity in science and the history of science among all age groups and to encourage family learning.) By introducing students and their families to the unique educational opportunities at the Bakken, the collaborations will help increase the diversity of youth that call the Bakken a "home away from home."

Barton Open School in Minneapolis helped the Bakken pilot this idea at the Ben Franklin Birthday celebration on January 8. Two other Minneapolis public schools, Webster and Pillsbury, collaborated with the Bakken on the Women in Science program on March 11 and Science Magic on April 1, respectively. In both cases, approximately 150-200 school community members attended each event, making up half of the overall attendance. Bakken staff trained students as "historic docents" to portray different characters from the history of science and help visitors explore exhibits and hands-on activities. The docents also presented their characters in classrooms at their own schools. The Bakken's Teacher in Residence, Lee Fabel, on leave from Webster Open School, played a key role in fostering these collaborations and securing the support of school administrators and teachers.

The Bakken is seeking funding to establish such partnerships with three schools during the 2000-2001 school year. We look forward to working with our new school partners!

A Word from the Director:
Balancing Research and Education
by David J. Rhees, Ph.D.

I recently received a letter from the distinguished historian of science John Heilbron, whom some of you may know as the author of Electricity in the 17th and 18th Centuries, a veritable "bible" for scholars working in that field of knowledge. He also is the former vice-chancellor of the University of California at Berkeley and the author of The Sun in the Church, a new book that has attracted widespread media attention. Writing from Oxford University, where he is currently living and working, he made the following comments:

"Many thanks for the kind note and the impressive newsletter. You and your colleagues have done a spectacular job, expanding and retaining a research capability as you reach out to children."

I quote Professor Heilbron's letter not just to blow our horn a bit, but also because I appreciate the way it succinctly captures the uniqueness of the Bakken: our quest to combine scholarly collections and research with education, exhibits, and other public programs. It is my impression that there are relatively few museums and libraries that offer a balanced and integrated program of research and public education. Usually one is emphasized at the expense of the other, or if both are present, there may be little synergy between them.

One notable exception is an organization on whose visiting board I have served for several years -- the Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, located at the Smithsonian's National Museum of American History. I have been impressed with the way the Lemelson Center has selected multi-disciplinary themes such as color, play, and (my favorite) the electric guitar, and developed programs that bring scholars and the public together in ways that are both entertaining and enlightening.

It is my hope that the Bakken will become internationally known for similar kinds of innovative, integrated programs that balance education and research. Already there is much evidence of our progress in fostering this kind of synergy: our new Frankenstein exhibit (opening in October), our historic mentors program, our participation in National History Day, and a new series of Visiting Research Fellows' seminars for our staff. As we continue on this path, we hope that the scholars who work here will be inspired to communicate their knowledge and insights to broader audiences, and the lives of the young people and others whom we serve will be further enriched.

Earl Bakken Honored

Earl Bakken was honored recently as one of only a few distinguished alumni featured in an exhibit at the spectacular new Gateway Alumni Center at the University of Minnesota. The exhibit contains an etched-glass, full-sized portrait of Bakken and an interactive video terminal with information and images about his many achievements. In addition, his new autobiography, One Man's Full Life (Medtronic, Inc.: Minneapolis, 1999), is included in an impressive "wall of books" published by Minnesota alumni.

Also featured in the Gateway Center exhibit are two artifacts from the Bakken's collection. One is an early version of the Medtronic 5800 pacemaker, the first transistorized, wearable, battery-operated pacemaker, which was invented by Earl Bakken. This particular unit was a rare clinical model that was donated to the Bakken in 1999 by Dr. C. Walton Lillehei, who asked Earl Bakken to develop a battery-operated pacemaker in the winter of 1957-58. The other display item loaned by the Bakken is a micrometer component quantitator modified by Earl Bakken for diabetes research by Dr. Anna-Mary Carpenter, a University of Minnesota scientist. A second version of this device is owned by the Smithsonian Institution.

In-Kind Donations 1999

In-Kind Wish List

In-kind donations are a great way to support the Bakken's mission. If you have any of the following items, and are willing to donate them, please contact Alice Schroeder at 612-926-3878 ext. 206.

Education:
"P16 Grass Amplifier" (basic medical EKG machine)
Assortment of biomedical sensors
A few demonstration-quality, working pacemakers
Old electrical appliances and toys for "take apart" activities

Collections:
An old electric corset displayed on a model dummy
Biofeedback machine

Frankenstein exhibit:
Wooden stools - with three legs, short and plain
Frankenstein movie posters (originals or reproductions)
Large wooden frame 1800 period style, suitable to hold an 8x10 photo
Small portrait of Percy Shelley
Old maps of Switzerland, Europe, London
Three oil lamps (two matching) 1800 period style

Grants

Grants received in 1998
Medtronic Foundation
Schott Foundation

Grants received in 1999
Medtronic Foundation
Minnesota Humanities Commission

Sponsorships

Grand Re-opening
Meyer, Scherer and Rockcastle
Mortenson Company

RECENT ACQUISITIONS By David J. Rhees Mesmerism and Animal Magnetism: A World-Class Collection Some recently purchased works on mesmerism and animal magnetism prompted me to take a closer look at the Bakken's holdings in this area. I have long been aware that our library contains a very fine collection on this subject, painstakingly acquired over the past three decades. As I reviewed the articles about our acquisitions that have appeared in our newsletter since 1979, however, my jaw droped as I came to appreciate the impressive depth and quality of the materials documenting the work of Franz Anton Mesmer and his many followers and imitators. To give you a sense of the scope and richness of this world-class collection, let me offer you a few representative highlights:

A rare 1788 broadside advertising a three-act comedy called "Animal Magnetism."

First, a taste of the newest arrivals. The following three items illustrate quite nicely the pervasive and long-lived influence of Mesmer's ideas and practices:

• A rare 1788 broadside advertising a three-act comedy called "Animal Magnetism." The play was performed at the Theatre Royal at Covent Garden, London. Mesmerism was the subject of a number of satires, and the Bakken holds another example published in Paris three years earlier -- Les docteurs modernes, by Pierre Yves Barré.

• The third Paris edition (1820) of Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire et a l'établissement du magnétisme animal, by A.M.J. de Chastenet, Marquis de Puységur, one of Mesmer's leading apostles.

  The Bakken also holds a 1786 edition of this work. One of the strengths of the mesmerism collection (and the library in general) is that we have collected virtually all editions of major and even some minor works, allowing scholars to trace the evolution of a particular thinker's ideas.

• And finally, a curious tract entitled Magnetation, and its relation to health and character, self published in 1899 by social reformer Albert Chavannes in Knoxville, Tennessee. Magnetation, according to Chavannes, involved the channeling of sexual energy to enhance emotional and intellectual health.

But these are merely the tip of the iceberg. Starting with Mesmer himself, we find that the Bakken holds not only the printed version of Mesmer's doctoral dissertation on the influence of the planets on the human body (Vienna, 1766), but also the 19-page manuscript original, evidently in Mesmer's own hand.

Mesmer's own lectures were compiled and edited by his associate Nicolas Bergasse and were published in a rare engraved (rather than printed) edition as Théorie du monde (1784), which the Bakken holds (only 100 were originally printed). The cost of the engraved edition prompted many followers to make hand-copied versions, and the Bakken holds one English and three French manuscript copies.

The Library abounds in printed works and manuscripts documenting the activities of Mesmer's supporters. These include a 38-page pamphlet containing the elaborate rules and regulations for the "Societies of Universal Harmony," a movement founded in Paris in 1785 by Nicolas Bergasse and Guillaume Kornmann to disseminate Mesmer's ideas and provide him with funds.

The "crown jewel" of the Bakken's mesmerism holdings is the papers of the Society of Universal Harmony of Amiens, France. They include ten letters sent by Mesmer himself to the Society and its members, and the case histories of more than seventy-five patients treated by a mesmerist in Amiens. The papers number about 300 sheets, chiefly from the period 1784-85, and offer great insight into the reaction of Mesmer and his disciples to the growing official opposition to their ideas. About half of the manuscripts have been transcribed and annotated by historian of science Geoffrey Sutton. Also, two more lengthy documents from this collection have been transcribed by Philippe de LaBorde Pedelahore, a French scholar specializing in the early history of the mesmerist movement. Copies of both sets of transcriptions are available in the Library.

Another important manuscript is a 1784 letter to Mesmer from Baron Pierre-Victor Malouet, a supportive but not uncritical disciple. In this eleven-page letter he questions Mesmer about several concepts that he finds unclear, as well as the cloak of secrecy Mesmer had thrown over his ideas. Malouet closes by encouraging Mesmer to rise above indifference and ridicule.

The tremendous popularity of Mesmer's activities prompted Louis XVI to appoint a commission of members of the Academy of Science to investigate claims made for animal magnetism. The Bakken possesses a letter from Benjamin Franklin to La Sabliere de la Condamine dated March 19, 1784, just one week after he was asked by the King to head this commission, in which he states that he is as yet unacquainted with mesmerism. The Bakken also holds a copy of the commission's printed report issued later that year in which it found no evidence for the existence of an animal magnetic fluid, nor of any genuine cures produced by it.

Numerous printed pamphlets and monographs about mesmerism published outside of France are held by the Bakken, but only a few examples will be cited here. They include a very early, if not the first, Italian book on mesmerism: Del magnetismo animale, by Biovannia Mullatera (Biella, 1785); a work critical of the "Mesmerist Lodge" of Bordeaux: La Maçonnerie mésmérienne, by Jean Baptiste Barbequiere (Amsterdam, 1784); and a German report on cures wrought by animal magnetism: Ueber den thierischen Magnetismus, by Christoph Meiners (Lemgo, 1788).

Several important journals related to mesmerism are owned by the Bakken, including a complete run of the Annales du magnétisme animal, published in Paris from 1814-1816, and its two successors: Bibliotheque du magnétisme animal (1817-1819) and Archives du magnétisme animal (1820-1823). The Bakken also holds all 13 volumes of The Zoist: A Journal of Cerebral Physiology & Mesmerism (London, 1843-1856). Its editor was John Elliotson, a highly-regarded British physician who was one of the earliest in his country to perform surgical operations using mesmeric anesthesia.

To round out this impressionistic portrait of the mesmerism collection, I should take note of some interesting artifacts and ephemera. These include a lovely bas relief portrait medallion of Mesmer; a medal of the Societé de Magnetisme from 1879 showing Mesmer on one side and, on the other, hands with magnetic rays emanating from them; some beautiful watercolor pictures of magnetic fields and secret symbols from an anonymous French treatise dating from around 1785; a number of broadsides advertising popular lectures and cures, including a London circular from ca. 1790 promoting Dr. Yeldall's "Real Magnetism"; and an amusing caricature from ca. 1784 portraying a mesmerist as a charlatan.

Finally, I would be remiss if I did not also mention the marvelous glass armonica in our artifact collection. This unusual musical instrument, noted for its "soft, plaintive sounds," was sometimes used by Mesmer to create the proper mood for his seances. Ironically, it was invented by the chairman of the commission that debunked animal magnetism, Benjamin Franklin. The Bakken's instrument was actually made for Franklin, who gave it to his friend, Madame Brillon when he departed from France for the United States in 1785.

I hope that these examples have convinced you that the Bakken possesses a rich trove of material for the study of mesmerism and animal magnetism, surely one of the most fascinating phenomena in the history of science and medicine. Altogether, we estimate that the Library holds some three hundred titles on this subject, not including journals. For more information on these and other Bakken holdings, consult our on-line edition of Books and Manuscripts of the Bakken (Scarecrow Press, 1992), at www.thebakken.org or contact Elizabeth Ihrig, librarian, at (612) 926-3878, ext. 227;fax: (612) 927-7265;e-mail: ihrig@thebakken.org.

Visiting Research Fellows, 2000

The eight scholars listed below were awarded Visiting Research Fellowships for the year 2000. This is the largest group of fellowships ever awarded by the Bakken in a single year.

The Doctor's Story, A Treatise on Electricity and Electro Magnetism, by Dr. George A. Scott, New York, 1888. Sociologists of science love these pamphlets, which show the range of  popular belief.

Catalogue of Apparatus, by Daniel Davis, Boston, 1848. Catalogs like this show a range of available devices involving magnetism, galvanism, electro-dynamics, electro-magnetism, magneto-electricity, and thermo-electricity.

Cornelius Borck
Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science in Berlin. Research: the cultural context of electrophysiological research in the 1920s.

Shelley Cordulack
Assistant Professor of Art History at Millikin University, Decatur IL; Research: influence of electricity on art, particularly graphic illustration, at the end of the 19th century in France and the U.S

Peter Heering
Senior Lecturer at the Physics Department of the Carl-von Ossietzky University in Oldenburg, Germany. Research: the style of experimentation of Jean Paul Marat (French scientific experimenter and politician) as revealed by 18th century standards of electrotherapeutics and instruments.

Axel Helmstadter
Pharmacist, Lecturer in the History of Science and Pharmacy at Frankfurt University. Research: proposes to look for literature supporting his hypothesis that botanical nostrums are developed in parallel with recently discovered physical phenomena.

David Morton
Research Historian at the IEEE History Center and Adjunct Professor of History at Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ. Research: the history of real technologies, which depend to a greater or lesser extent on the human imagination in order to do their work.

Michael Schiffer
Professor of Anthropology at the University of Arizona, Tucson. Research: electrostatic technology in relation to the concrete activities of specific groups of people in the 18th century, to better understand the processes of technology transfer at that time.

Linda Simon
Assistant Professor of English at Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, NY. Research: Electricity, electrotherapy, and cultural anxiety in the last half of the 19th century.

Tom Tucker
Writer, working on a book that traces the rivalry of Watson, Nollet, and Franklin. Research: how Franklin's science of lightning enabled his single-fluid theory of electricity to triumph and the role Franklin's imagination and political skill played in gaining acceptance of his science.

The Bakken offers these grants for the purpose of facilitating research in its collection of books, journals, manuscripts, prints, and instruments. The focus of the Bakken's collections is the history of electricity and magnetism and their applications in the life sciences and medicine. Related materials include mesmerism and animal magnetism, 19th-century ephemera concerning alternative or complementary electromedical therapies, miscellaneous scientists' letters, and trade catalogues. The instruments include electrostatic and magneto-electric generators, induction coils, physiological instruments, recording devices, and accessories.

The fellowship stipend is to be used for travel, subsistence, and other direct costs of conducting research at the Bakken. The minimum period of residence is one week. The grants are open to all researchers, and the application deadline for 2001 is February 1, 2001. For further information, please contact Elizabeth Ihrig, Librarian, 3537 Zenith Avenue South, Minneapolis, MN 55416-4623voice: (612) 926-3878, ext. 227; fax: (612) 927-7265; e-mail: ihrig@thebakken.org.

Research Associate Appointed

Professor Kirk Jeffrey of the Department of History at Carleton College has been appointed a Senior Research Associate of the Bakken Library and Museum. In this capacity he will be working with executive director David Rhees in conducting research and developing programs that will improve scholarly and public understanding of the history of the medical device industry in Minnesota.

One of Professor Jeffrey's primary activities will be conducting oral history interviews as part of the Bakken's collaborative project with the Minnesota Historical Society, "Pioneers of the Medical Device Industry in Minnesota," directed by James E. Fogerty of the Historical Society. He also will be helping plan and implement related lectures, conferences, and publications.

Jeffrey is a leading expert on the history of cardiac pacing. He is currently editing proofs of a book to be published by Johns Hopkins University Press entitled Machines in Our Hearts: The Cardiac Pacemaker, the Implantable Defibrillator, and American Health Care. In the course of his research, he conducted some seventy interviews with surgeons, cardiologists, engineers, and corporate managers and officers regarding the invention and development of cardiac pacing. He has published a number of articles on pacing, the most recent of which was co-authored with David Rhees: "Earl Bakken's Little White Box: The Complex Meanings of the First Transistorized Pacemaker" (in Exposing Electronics, ed. Bernard Finn. London: Harwood, 2000). He was recently selected to deliver the Paul M. Zoll Memorial Lecture at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston.

Professor Jeffrey is the first Bakken research associate, a position developed to acknowledge and honor the contributions of scholars who work closely with the Bakken Library and Museum over a sustained period of time.

Staff News

In May Cynthia Hartmann arrived as the Bakken's new Director of Finance and Operations. Cynthia has worked for the past several years as Administrative Director of the Women's Funding Network. She is responsible for managing the Bakken's finances, human resources, and general operations. Cynthia succeeds Merce Dostale, who played a key role in the growth of the Bakken over the past five years, especially the expansion and renovation project. We wish the best of luck to Merce in her new endeavors.

Promotions:
Katrina Boulding - Science Educator
Kathy Faust - Business Manager
Kathleen Klehr - Manager: Marketing, Public Relations and Events
Alice Schroeder - Manager: External Relations and Development
Congratulations Katrina, Kathy, Kathleen and Alice!
We are also glad to welcome Charlie Lessmann as Science Educator,Heidi Olstad as Gardener and Kathleen Ross as Administrative Assistant.
Welcome back Tania Munz and Eva Nielsen as exhibit developers.

Volunteers Needed

The Bakken is actively seeking mentors and volunteers of all ages to help bring science to life for youth and families. Weekday and Saturday opportunities are available. For example, at the Bakken, you can mentor youth in the Earl Bakken Science Program, engage 4-6th graders in science and history at a Bakken field trip, assist visitors with hands-on activities at a Family Science Saturday, assemble take-home kits for field trip groups, and help interpret our exhibits for visitors of all ages. Want to learn more about these and other opportunities? Anyone interested in what the Bakken has to offer is invited to a volunteer orientation on September 12, 2000 from 5:30-7:00 p.m. space is limited to the first 30 registrants. Please contact Dorina Morawetz, volunteer coordinator, at morawetz@thebakken.org or (612) 926-3878, ext. 201, if you have any questions or to RSVP.

Website Update

Bookmark the Bakken's web site at http://www.thebakken.org to stay up to date on our events, programs, exhibits and collection. We are currently working to update and enhance our web site and will soon acquire a new dynamic home page, and user-friendly navigation. Your suggestions and comments are welcome; please send them to Kathleen Klehr at klehr@thebakken.org.

Events Calendar

Medicinal Garden Tour Series
Join us for a series of three sequential garden tours exploring the history and principles of using plants as medicine as well as present day uses.
Aug. 5, Aug. 26, Sept. 16 (Saturdays, 10:30 - 11:30 a.m.)Registration is by series only, and is limited to 25 participants. Fees are $30.00 per series.

Herbal Medicine Classes
In classes, learn simple and effective ways to preserve leafy plant material and roots.
Class # 1 and # 2 Leafy Plant
# 1 - July 19(Wednesday, 3:30 - 4:45 p.m.)
# 2 - August 30(Wednesday, 3:30 - 4:45 p.m.)
# 3 Roots - November 8 (Wednesday, 3:30 - 4:45 p.m.)
Registration is per class, and is limited to 25 participants. Fees are $10.00 per class.
Tours and classes can be taken separately.

Family Science Saturday
"Ancient Science"
Saturday, September 16th
Blast back in time and around the world as you explore the wonders of science from thousands of year ago! Wander through the Florence Bakken Medicinal Garden and try your hand at herbal remedies rooted in Old World traditions. Dig into the mysteries of ancient science with Egyptian doctors, Mayan astronomers, Chinese explorers and more!

Earl Bakken Science Program
Fall Session begins September 30, 2000
Through hands-on science, students learn the basics of electricity and magnetism. In the Bakken's own workshop, youth work side-by-side with scientists and engineers to explore the mysteries of science, the thrill of discovery and the passion of invention.

Ghost Story Writing Contest
Frankenstein, Mary Shelley's historic novel, was indeed a ghost story. While vacationing in the Alps, Mary and her friends were challenged by their host, Lord Byron, to each write a ghost story. In keeping with the historical challenge set by Byron, the Bakken encourages young writers to explore, expand, and release their imaginations and create a ghost story to chill the bones! Entries accepted through September 15, 2000.

Frankenstein Exhibit Opens October 14, 2000 Step back in time to the early 1800s, when a young Mary Shelley put pen to paper and created Frankenstein.  The Bakken's exhibit is a return to the original novel through a historically accurate recreation of Victor Frankenstein's laboratory and Mary Shelley's study.  Mark your calendars to attend the Family Science Saturday Frankenstein Exhibit Opening on October 14, 2000, and the Frankenstein Costume Ball on October 28, 2000.

The frontispiece from Mary Shelley's 1831 edition of Frankenstein.

"A Most Potent Factor"

The following quote appeared in an article by Caleb Brown, M.D., in the Journal of the American Medical Association in 1898 (v. 31, pp. 968-969): "When we use electricity let us use it intelligently and with care, let us study it as a physical science, let us study it in its physiologic manifestations on the animal organism, but above all let us study the pathology of the diseased conditions we are to treat. Then if we will get good apparatus and use it with as much intelligence as we would give any drug, we will find electricity to be a most potent factor and a strong ally in our battle against disease."

"But let us not make the mistake of considering electricity a cure-all, but ascribe to it its proper place, believing that a force that can propel cars, run the heaviest machinery, light a city or enable us to talk across miles of space, or break up molecules into their ultimate atoms, must have some effect, when properly used, upon the metabolism of the human organism."

Board of Directors

Earl E. Bakken, Chair
Marjorie A. Andersen, President
William G. Asp
Brad Bakken
Lawrence Boll
Georgine L. Busch, Treasurer
John Cook
Ronald T. Hagenson, Vice-President
Russell K. Hobbie
John L. Powers, Secretary
Robert Seidel
Roger H. Stuewer
James V. Toscano

Bakken Staff
Katrina Boulding, Science Educator
Cassandra Cutler, Performing Arts Coordinator
Lee Fabel, Teacher in Residence
Kathy Faust, Business Manager
Mary Hanvik, Museum Visitor Assistant
Cynthia Hartmann, Director of Finance & Operations
Riley Hendrickson, Curator of Exhibits
Elizabeth Ihrig, Librarian
Edward Johnson, Museum Housekeeper
Kathleen Klehr, Manager: Marketing, Public Relations & Events
Ellen Kuhfeld, Curator of Instruments
Charles Lessmann, Science Educator
Christopher Lundeen, Property Manager
Dorina Morawetz, Volunteer Coordinator
Beth Murphy, Curator of Education
Marta Nelson, Museum Visitor Assistant
Steven Nowlin, Science Educator
Heidi Olstad, Gardener
Jerome Pilkington, Museum Housekeeper
David J. Rhees, Executive Director
Kathleen Ross, Administrative Assistant
Alice Schroeder, Manager: External Relations & Development

Newsletter Staff
Bruce Challgren, Photographer, Graphic Design
Kathleen Klehr, Managing Editor
David J. Rhees, Editor

In The Museum Store

"What all readers will encounter in One Man's Full Life is a candid and plainspoken recounting of an incredibly rich life that began in a blue-collar neighborhood of Minneapolis, blossomed in the labs and offices of the world's leading medical-technology company, and continues to flower in the earthly paradise of Hawaii" (from the dustjacket). Published by Medtronic, Inc., 1999.

News from the Bakken
Spring 2000 VOL. 22, NO. 1
©The Bakken 2000

Museum Hours: Tuesday - Saturday 10 to 5
Thursdays 10 am to  8pm 
Closed Major Holidays
Library Hours: Monday - Friday 9 to 4:30

Admission: $7 Adults; $5 Students & Seniors; Children 3 and under are FREE!

© The Bakken Updated: April 6, 2007